General

• How to calculate the total magnification of a microscope?
  The total magnification of a microscope for eyepiece observations is calculated by the formula:

  Mmicroscope = Mobj х Madd х Meyepiece, where

  Mobj – for a flat-field microscope, this is objective magnification, x (indicated on the objective).

  Mobj – for a stereomicroscope with the Greenough optical design: product of the zoom objective magnification (x, indicated on the magnification change knob) and magnification of an auxiliary objective lens (x, indicated on the lens).

  Mobj – for a stereomicroscope with the CMO design: product of the zoom objective magnification (x, indicated on the magnification change knob) and magnification of the common main objective (x, indicated on the common main objective).

  Madd – magnification of additional optics:
  magnification of the microscope head (specified in the microscope certificate), or
  magnification of an additional intermediate attachment (specified in the certificate and on the attachment), or
  magnification of an additional built-in lens (specified in the microscope certificate and on the microscope).
  For instance, the MAGUS Metal V790 DIC microscope allows the introduction of a 1.5x magnification lens into the optical path.

  Meyepiece – eyepiece magnification (x, indicated on the eyepiece).

• What is a trinocular microscope? Does it have three eyepieces?
  A trinocular head means that the microscope is binocular, but it includes an additional trinocular tube for mounting a digital camera.
• What is the resolving power of the microscope?
  Resolving power refers to the ability of an optical instrument to distinguish between two closely spaced points or lines.

  Resolution limit is the shortest distance between two points (lines) that can still be distinguished and do not merge into one. The points spaced closer than the microscope’s resolution limit cannot be distinguished and will appear as a single point.

  The resolution limit is calculated by the formula d = λ/2NA​, where λ is the light wavelength, and NA is the numerical aperture of the objective. The wavelength of white light is 0.55µm.

• What is the working distance of the microscope?

  Working distance is the distance between the specimen surface or the cover slip surface (if there is one) and front edge of the objective.

  Depending on the objective design, it may be a front lens or a metal frame of the objective. The cover slip thickness is engraved on the objective.

• What is the parfocal distance of an objective? What provides a larger parfocal distance?
  Parfocal distance is the distance between the specimen (if it is used without a cover slip) or the bottom of the cover slip and the shoulder of the objective.

  Modern microscopes are most commonly designed for objectives with a parfocal distance of 45mm. However, superior aberration correction requires more complex optics, resulting in a longer objective and a greater parfocal distance.

  For instance, modern plan apochromatic objectives frequently feature a 60mm parfocal distance.

  The parfocal distance is defined when the image is in sharp focus.

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  All of the objectives in a given microscope have the same parfocal distance. Therefore, only fine focusing adjustment is required when the revolving nosepiece is rotated.

• What is a Köhler illumination set-up?
  Köhler illumination allows you to adjust the specimen illumination using a condenser and a field diaphragm.

  The proper set-up of Köhler illumination offers the following benefits:
  – the highest possible resolution on each objective
  – focusing on the specimen image, removing the images of artifacts: dust on the illuminator or on the slide, glare
  – even illumination of the entire field of view with no edge darkening.

• What is an Abbe condenser?
  An Abbe condenser is a component of the microscope’s illumination system.
  It comprises two lenses: a biconvex lens at the bottom and a plano-convex lens on top with its flat side facing the specimen.
  The Abbe condenser features an iris diaphragm and directs as much light as possible from the source through the specimen into the objective. It can be centered in the optical path using two screws.
• What is a Zernike condenser?

  The Zernike condenser is a phase contrast condenser named after Frits Zernike, a Dutch physicist.

  It is designed to visualize transparent unstained samples (cells and microorganisms). The phase contrast microscopy converts invisible phase shifts into visible variations of brightness.

  The condenser is compatible with the MAGUS Bio 250, 260, 270, and 290 biological upright microscopes as well as the MAGUS Lum 400, 400L, and 450 fluorescence upright microscopes.

  The Zernicke condenser comes standard with the MAGUS V350 inverted biological and the MAGUS Lum V500/MAGUS Lum V500L inverted fluorescence microscopes.

• What additional components are required to add reflected light to a biological microscope? Will a gooseneck light be suitable?
  Objectives of biological microscopes have short working distances, which makes gooseneck lights unsuitable for biological microscopes.
  
  You need a reflected light attachment with an illuminator mounted on the objective side. A system of prisms and mirrors directs light through the objective onto the specimen, after which the light reflects from an opaque sample and then re-enters the objective.

  Epi-fluorescence illuminators are employed as reflected light sources in biological microscopes.

• What is polarization microscopy? Does it differ for transmitted and reflected light?
  Biological microscopes. Polarization microscopy is used to examine biological fluids: blood, urine, and synovial (joint) fluid.
  Metallurgical microscopes. In reflected light, polarization microscopy reveals polymers, dirt, and foreign materials, increasing image contrast and removing any glare from bright metal surfaces.
  Stereomicroscopes. In reflected light, it removes glare from metal surfaces and improves the image contrast. In transmitted light, it is used to examine geological specimens at low magnification.
• What is phase contrast microscopy? Why does it come standard with some microscopes but not others?
  Phase contrast microscopy enables the examination of live cells in their natural state without killing them by staining.

  Transparent unstained specimens do not absorb light, resulting in low image intensity contrast. Brightfield observations do not allow you to view transparent specimens clearly. Phase contrast microscopy is designed to visualize transparent, unstained samples.

  When light passes through transparent specimens, there are minor phase shifts that a human eye cannot see. Phase contrast microscopy converts these phase shifts into amplitude changes. We can view these amplitude changes as the different contrast of the image.

  The phase contrast device is included in the standard kit of inverted biological microscopes, as these models are most commonly used to examine live specimens in their natural state.

  Biological upright microscopes do not have the device in a standard delivery, as these microscopes are primarily designed for the brightfield observation of stained specimens.

• What optional accessories are required to employ phase contrast microscopy?
  To enable phase contrast microscopy on the upright biological microscope, for instance, you will need three accessories:

  – a Zernike phase condenser (replacing the Abbe condenser) or a slider with phase rings (inserted into the slot of the standard Abbe condenser)
  – a set of phase objectives
  – a centering telescope (replacing the eyepiece to adjust the condenser phase ring with the phase objective ring).

  These accessories are typically combined into a single phase contrast device and sold as a complete set.

• What is the DIC technique?

  The differential interference contrast (DIC) is a microscopy technique that converts light phase shifts into visible variations of brightness and contrast. The technology is based on splitting a polarized beam into two coherent beams that pass through adjacent areas of the specimen. The difference in the optical density of the specimen creates a phase shift between the beams, which, once they are recombined, is converted into a clear three-dimensional image with a typical pseudo-relief effect.

  The DIC microscopy is indispensable for studying transparent unstained structures, such as living cells, thin films, or crystals. Unlike phase contrast, it does not create halo artifacts, thereby ensuring the clarity of edges due to the use of polarized light. The technique finds applications in biology, materials science, and medical diagnostics, enabling the study of microstructures without disrupting their natural state.

Microscopes

Microscope selection

• Which MAGUS microscopes come with phase contrast devices?
  Biological upright microscopes of the MAGUS Bio 250–290 series can be equipped with an optional phase contrast device.

  Biological inverted microscopes designed to study samples in special glassware with a bottom thickness of up to 1.2mm come pre-equipped with a phase contrast device.

• Which MAGUS microscopes have a UV excitation filter?
  Our fluorescence microscopes, including the MAGUS Lum 400, 400L, V500 models, and their digital versions, feature ultraviolet excitation filters.
  In addition, optional epi-fluorescence illuminators with an ultraviolet excitation filter are available for the MAGUS Bio 260T, 270T, and 290T models. MAGUS Epi-FL04M LED, Epi-FL05 LED, and Epi-FL06.
• Which MAGUS microscopes are suitable for studying bacteria?
  The entire range of MAGUS Bio biological upright microscopes (230, 240, 250, 260, 270Т, 290Т) are well-suited for bacterial studies.
• What MAGUS microscopes are suitable for examining bacterial colonies in dairy products?
  You should consider the MAGUS Stereo 9T stereomicroscope, as you will require smooth magnification changes.
  If you need video and photo capture, we also recommend purchasing the MAGUS CDF70 or CBF70 digital camera.
• Which MAGUS microscopes are suitable for studying bacteria in saliva samples?
  What camera should I choose?
  Saliva samples are low contrast. Phase contrast microscopy should be applied for such samples.

  We recommend the following configuration:
  – the MAGUS Bio 250TL microscope
  – the MAGUS PH1 phase contrast device
  – the MAGUS CHD40 digital camera
  

• Which MAGUS microscopes are suitable for detecting Trichinella spiralis (size range: 1.1–2.2mm)?
  Meat industry, 60x magnification is required. Will a stereomicroscope be well-suited?
  Yes, the stereomicroscope is up to the task.
  We recommend that you choose the MAGUS Stereo 8B model and pair it with the optional MAGUS AL15 1.5x auxiliary objective lens and two MAGUS SD15 15x eyepieces.
  
• Which MAGUS microscopes are suitable for studying live blood cells?
  Live Blood Analysis is a diagnostic method that involves examining a drop of fresh blood. A blood droplet is neither stained nor fixed, but it is immediately placed on a slide for examination. The analysis requires a microscope equipped with a 100x immersion objective and darkfield condenser. The specimen is placed on the stage and live blood is demonstrated to the patient on the monitor screen.

  While phase contrast microscopy provides superior diagnostic information, phase contrast microscopes involve significantly higher costs compared to darkfield ones.

  We recommend the following options:

  1. The MAGUS Bio D230TL LCD + oil darkfield condenser + 0.5х or 0.65х C-mount adapter.
  2. The MAGUS Bio 250TL + oil darkfield condenser + the MAGUS CHD40 camera + the MAGUS MCD40 monitor.
  3. The MAGUS Bio 270T + phase-contrast device + the MAGUS CHD40 camera + the MAGUS MCD40 monitor.
  

• Which MAGUS microscopes are suitable for studying red blood cells?
  Biological upright microscopes are the most common choice for routine red blood cell analysis.

  First-choice microscopes: MAGUS Bio 230 and 240 series.
  Second-choice instrument: MAGUS Bio 250 and 260 series. Third-choice option: MAGUS Bio 270 model.

• Which MAGUS microscopes are fit for use in veterinary clinics?
  Veterinary clinics most frequently purchase the MAGUS Bio 270T microscopes equipped with the MAGUS CHD50 digital cameras and the MAGUS MCD40 monitors.

  We can also recommend complete solutions for specific diagnostic applications:

  General histology, mites, and skin scrapings:
  – the MAGUS Bio 250B + the MAGUS DFS1 Darkfield Slider + other accessories as necessary
  – the MAGUS Bio 250BL + the MAGUS DFS1 Darkfield Slider + other accessories as necessary

  Bacteriological laboratory:
  – the MAGUS Lum 400L + the MAGUS PH1 Phase Contrast Device

  Leptospirosis: darkfield:
  – the MAGUS Bio 250B + the MAGUS DFS1 Darkfield Slider
  – the MAGUS Bio 250BL + the MAGUS DFS1 Darkfield Slider

  Rabies:
  – the MAGUS Lum 400L + the MAGUS PH1 Phase Contrast Device

  Lichen:
  – the MAGUS Lum 400
  – the MAGUS Lum 400L

• Which MAGUS microscopes are suitable for studying scales, shrimp, and fish in a research institute?
  To study fish scales and shrimp, we recommend the MAGUS Stereo 9T stereomicroscope.
  To study fish as a whole, the ready-made MAGUS Stereo D8TR solution is recommended.
  
• Which MAGUS microscopes are suitable for studying Demodex mites?
  The Demodex mite is relatively large, measuring 0.15–0.4mm in length. Low magnification is sufficient.

  The MAGUS Stereo 7T is up to the task.
  It can be upgraded with the optional MAGUS CHD10 camera and MAGUS MCD20 monitor, requiring a 0.5x C-mount adapter (MAGUS ZFA050) for installation.

  We also recommend that you check out our Complete Solutions section.

• Which MAGUS microscopes are suitable for virological and serological research?
  We suggest considering two popular options:

  The MAGUS Bio 230B:
  – The Köhler illumination guarantees the highest resolution on each objective and the required contrast of the specimen image. Achromatic objectives correct field curvature by 65%.
  – Eyepiece tubes are 360° rotatable, which allows for adjusting the height of the eyepieces.
  – The revolving nosepiece is oriented toward the interior, which frees up more space above the stage. The user can see the objective introduced into the optical path.
  – The fifth free slot of the revolving nosepiece is intended for an additional objective.
  – The stage has no X-axis rack and pinion. The belt-driven mechanism allows for smooth movement and improves the comfort of use: You will not accidentally scratch your hand on the rack, for example.
  – The Abbe condenser is designed to install a darkfield or phase-contrast slider, which saves time when switching microscopy techniques.
  – A variety of accessories expands the choice of microscopy techniques and the microscope magnification range.

  The MAGUS Bio 270T:
  – In the conventional Köhler illumination design, the light source is brought out from underneath the collector; in this model, it is moved to the rear of the base. The design ensures even illumination, the highest resolution on each objective and the required contrast of the specimen image. Plan achromatic objectives correct field curvature by 90% when eyepieces with a 22mm field of view are used.
  – Eyepiece tubes are 360° rotatable, which allows for adjusting the height of the eyepieces.
  – The user programs the revolving nosepiece during setup, which improves comfort and saves time when switching objectives: The microscope remembers the brightness selected for each objective and automatically adjusts the value when the revolving nosepiece is rotated.
  – The revolving nosepiece is oriented toward the interior, which frees up more space above the stage. The user can see the objective introduced into the optical path.
  – The fifth free slot of the revolving nosepiece is intended for an additional objective.
  – The stage has no X-axis rack and pinion. The belt-driven mechanism allows for smooth movement and improves comfort of use: You will not accidentally scratch your hand on the rack.
  – The microscope’s intelligent mechanism controls the illumination: It automatically selects the brightness when objectives are changed, switches off the microscope by a timer, and displays the operation status on the LCD screen. The user can adjust the desired color temperature and lock the brightness adjustment, as necessary.
  – The hidden placement of the power adapter and power cord enhances the aesthetics of the workstation and simplifies its storage. In combination with a special carrying handle, the microscope can be carried more easily and securely.
  – A variety of accessories expands the choice of microscopy techniques and the microscope magnification range.

• Which MAGUS microscopes are suitable for studying parasites that are visible to the naked eye?
  MAGUS stereomicroscopes are used for studying parasites that are visible to the naked eye (e.g., lice, helminths, mites), as 10–80x magnification is sufficient for larger parasites. You can view a 3D image and work with the whole specimen.
• Which MAGUS microscopes are fit for use with an incubator?
  The working distance of the objectives should be at least 8mm.
  To work with an incubator, you will need an inverted biological microscope, such as the MAGUS Bio V360.

  It includes the following objectives:
  4x NA=0.10, WD=30mm
  PH 10x NA=0.25, WD=10.2mm
  PH 20x NA=0.40, WD=12mm
  PH 40x NA=0.6, WD=2.2mm

  WD is the working distance.

• Which MAGUS microscopes are suitable for seminal fluid analysis?
  What camera should I choose?
  Semen analysis allows you to count the number of germ cells, determine the volume of live and dead spermatozoa, assess motility and the presence of structural abnormalities, etc.

  We suggest considering the following package:
  – MAGUS Bio 250T or 250TL Biological Microscope
  – MAGUS PH1 Phase Contrast Device
  – MAGUS CBF50 Digital Camera + MAGUS CFA050 0.5x C-mount adapter or
  MAGUS CBF90 Digital Camera + MAGUS CFA065 0.65х C-mount adapter

  another option for brightfield observations: MAGUS Bio 270T + MAGUS CHD series digital camera.

• Which MAGUS microscopes are suitable for boar semen analysis?
  Requirements: phase contrast device, camera compatibility, and image display on the screen.
  
  The following configuration is recommended for your task: MAGUS Bio 250TL biological microscope, MAGUS PH1 phase contrast device, MAGUS CHD40 digital camera, and MAGUS MCD40 monitor.
• Which MAGUS microscopes are fit for use with Petri dishes?
  We are going to capture the images of the evolution in bacterial structure.
  
  For use with Petri dishes, we offer biological inverted microscopes from the MAGUS Bio series: V300, V350, and V360 models. Check out this section to choose the microscope that fits your budget and demands.
• Which MAGUS microscopes are suitable for use with culture bottles, Petri dishes, and slides?
  Fluorescence is also required.
  A biological inverted microscope is used for working with culture bottles, Petri dishes, and slides. Given your request for the fluorescence technique, a biological inverted fluorescence microscope is the optimal solution.

  The MAGUS V500 and V500L models are suitable for this.

• Which MAGUS microscopes are suitable for petrography?
  Polarizing microscopes are used for petrography, geology, and mineralogy studies.
  Check out the section with the polarizing microscopes of the MAGUS Pol series.
• Which MAGUS microscopes are suitable for petrography? Please recommend the best solution.
  The best choice for petrography is the MAGUS Pol 890 polarizing microscope.

  Its main features are:
  – Microscope head with the trinocular tube for mounting a digital camera and displaying an image on the monitor screen. The inclination angle is adjusted to match the user’s height. Three modes of beam splitting: 0/100, 100/0, or 80/20.
  – Strain-free plan semi-apochromatic and plan apochromatic objectives introduce no optical artifacts, thereby ensuring the high resolving power of the microscope.
  – Transmitted and reflected light for work with transparent and opaque samples.
  – Powerful 100W halogen illuminators of transmitted and reflected light for bright natural lighting.
  – Orthoscopic examinations, Bertrand lens for conoscopic examinations, compensators, Köhler illumination in transmitted and reflected light.
  – Convenient alignment of the revolving nosepiece slots and stage.
  – Rotatable round stage with a vernier scale for accurate measurements of the rotation angle can be locked in the desired position.

• Which MAGUS microscopes are suitable for studying minerals?

  Stereomicroscopes are used for examining whole mineral specimens. We recommend the MAGUS Stereo 7 and Stereo 8 series with a darkfield condenser and a polarizer/analyzer set.

  Polarizing microscopes are used for studying thin sections and polished sections in petrography, geology, and mineralogy.

  Check out the section with the polarizing microscopes of MAGUS Pol series.

• Which MAGUS microscopes are suitable for pearlescent paint analysis?
  For paint layers on an opaque sample, you will need a microscope for reflected light observations.

  For pearlescent paint analysis, we recommend using not only brightfield microscopy but also the polarization technique: The MAGUS Metal 600 microscope is well suited for this application.

  If you need to study scratches on coatings, darkfield microscopy may be particularly useful. In this case, we recommend using the MAGUS Metal 600 BD model that employs three techniques: brightfield, darkfield, and polarization microscopy.

• Which MAGUS microscopes are suitable for studying truffle spores?
  The truffle spores are examined using light optical microscopes or electron microscopes.

  1000x magnification is sufficient. Phase contrast microscopy or DIC (differential-interference contrast) technique will reveal the features of ornamentation and other details.

  The phase contrast device is compatible with the MAGUS Bio 250, 260, 270, and 290 biological upright microscopes.
  The DIC device is compatible with the MAGUS Bio 290.

• Which MAGUS microscopes are suitable for studying powder dust?
  The MAGUS Metal 600 metallurgical upright microscope is suited for the task.
• Which MAGUS microscopes are suitable for studying metals and alloys?

  A stereomicroscope, for example, the MAGUS Stereo 7B, is suitable for analyzing the macrostructure.

  A metallurgical microscope is well-suited for examining the microstructure of metals and alloys. The microscopy techniques – brightfield, polarization, darkfield, DIC – are selected based on the samples and tasks to be solved. All of the MAGUS metallurgical microscopes are given in this section.

• Which MAGUS microscopes are suitable for studying black polymers?
  Ideally, polymers are studied using a polarizing microscope, such as the MAGUS Pol 800.

  For example, nylon fiber:
  – Fig. 1 – Observation in plane polarized light reveals differences in the refractive indices of the fiber and the presence of opaque particles.
  – Fig. 2 – Cross-polarized light reveals third-order polarization colors, whose distribution within the fibers indicates that this is a cylindrical rather than irregular fiber, which can be used to determine mechanical strength.
  – Fig. 3 – The introduction of a quartz wedge into the optical path enables the determination of optical path differences for measuring birefringence.

  If no in-depth fiber analysis is expected, you can use the MAGUS Metal 600 metallurgical microscope to examine the sample surface. The microscope features the polarization technique.

• Which MAGUS microscopes are suitable for studying cementitious composites?
  Can I examine 4cm high samples in their entirety?
  
  A metallurgical microscope of the MAGUS Metal 630 series is suitable for studying cementitious composites.

  We recommend the MAGUS Metal D630 LCD that is equipped with a digital camera and an LCD monitor. The original design of the stand and focusing mechanism does not limit the height of the sample.

  The examined surface of the sample should be:
  – parallel to the base surface (stage plane)
  – perfectly aligned (not tilted or uneven)

• Which MAGUS microscopes featuring the darkfield technique and reflected light are suitable for studying the wood structure?
  We recommend the Metal 600 BD, which is a metallurgical microscope with a reflected light illuminator. It includes brightfield and darkfield microscopy in its range of observation techniques.
• Which MAGUS microscopes are suitable for wood defect detection?
  What techniques should be used?

  A stereomicroscope should be used to examine wood for defects. If the wood piece is large, a stereomicroscope on a universal stand works well, e.g., one of our complete solutions.

  The microscopy technique is brightfield.

  Anatomical analysis of wood using optical microscopy involves preparing very thin, transparent sections and observing them in transmitted light with an optical microscope. This technique enables the examination of wood structure and identification of the species composition based on diagnostic features. Observations are performed at magnifications of 50–120x, while fiber type identification based on morphological features requires magnifications of 200–500x.

  The MAGUS Metal 600 is suitable for such applications, as it operates in both transmitted and reflected light.

• Which MAGUS microscopes are suitable for studying perlite microspheres from 1 to 200 microns?
  The MAGUS Metal 600 upright metallurgical microscope is suited for your task.

  You should also purchase an optional 80x MAGUS 80PLL objective for it. The resolution limit of an 80x/0.8 objective is 0.35μm, while the depth of focus is 0.4μm. This magnification is enough to see 1 micron microspheres. For 200 micron microspheres, use the 5х or 10х objective.

• Which MAGUS microscopes are suitable for studying samples of fibers?
  The primary goal is to identify types of fabrics, such as cotton, polyester, etc.
  We recommend choosing the MAGUS Metal 600 metallurgical microscope.
  It can operate in reflected and transmitted light. The polarizer/analyzer set is included in the kit. It will definitely be applicable for polyester.
  The microscope’s standard configuration delivers magnifications of 50x, 100x, 400x, and 600x. If additional intermediate magnifications of 200x or 500x are required, you can purchase the MAGUS 20PLL 20x and MAGUS 50PLL 50x objectives separately.
• Which MAGUS microscopes are suitable for observing tempered martensite and internal microstructure?
  The desired magnification is 500x.
  
  You will need a metallurgical microscope for this task.
  Depending on the sample shape, you’ll need either an upright or inverted microscope – all of the models in our product line will suit your needs.
  
• Which MAGUS microscopes are suitable for copper wire inspection?
  The desired magnification is 5x to 50x, and the camera must capture the entire 15x10mm area with a measurement accuracy of 0.01mm
  The MAGUS Stereo 9T Microscope meets your requirements.

  The MAGUS CHD40 digital camera features an 11.14x6.26mm sensor. Therefore, the field of view on this microscope when the image is displayed on a monitor is: 15.9x8.9mm with a 0.7x objective magnification and 1.7x0.99mm with a 6.3x objective magnification.

  The laws of optics do not allow both high magnification and a large field of view at the same time; therefore, it is impossible to make measurements with an accuracy of 0.01mm with a large field of view.

• Which MAGUS microscopes are suitable for measuring toothbrush bristles during manufacturing control?
  The primary goal is to measure bristles with a diameter of 0.1–0.2mm; photo and video capturing is also required.
  We recommend choosing the MAGUS Stereo 9T stereomicroscope and supplementing it with the MAGUS CBF70 digital camera.

  For this type of measurements, use the MAGUS CSS1 calibration slide for stereomicroscopes.

• Which MAGUS microscopes are suitable for studying diamonds?
  If possible, we also need a vacuum system to hold the faceted stone, a black background, and 45x magnification.
  
  For diamond analysis, we can recommend either the MAGUS Stereo 8B or Stereo 8T – the choice depends on whether a PC image display is required. Furthermore, use the MAGUS DFC1 darkfield condenser.
  
• Which MAGUS microscopes are suitable for calculating the grain size in a metal microstructure using an eyepiece with a reticle?
  
  Any metallurgical microscope is up to the task, e.g., the MAGUS Metal 600.

  We recommend the following accessories:
  – the MAGUS 100PLL objective if there is no 100x objective in the standard delivery – to achieve the highest resolution
  – 10x eyepiece with reticle – for measurements
  – 10x eyepiece with a scale – for analyzing the metal grain size per the ASTM E112 standard
  – calibration slide – to calibrate the eyepiece scale for each objective

  For an inverted metallurgical microscope:
  – the MAGUS MD20 eyepieces – with diopter adjustment

• Which MAGUS microscopes are suitable for school tasks?
  Preferably a set: a microscope, a digital camera, a set of ready-made prepared slides, cover slips, and blank slides for the manufacture of prepared slides.
  
  For educational and school tasks, we recommend the MAGUS Bio DH240, MAGUS Bio 240B, or MAGUS Bio 240T.

  The visualization system can be configured with the MAGUS CHD20 digital camera and MAGUS MCD20 monitor.

  For research, you should consider a set of the Levenhuk N80 NG prepared slides “See it all”, Levenhuk G100 cover slips, and Levenhuk G50 blank slides.

• What magnification is needed to examine pinworm eggs?
  In order to determine the magnification at which an object is visible, first you need to calculate the resolving power of the objective, and then the useful magnification of the microscope when this objective is used.
  
  Size of pinworm eggs: 0.050–0.060х0.02–0.03mm.
  This means that you will need a microscope with the resolving power of at least 0.02mm.

  If you apply the resolution limit formula to a 4x/0.1 objective where:
  

   

   

  d is the linear resolution limit of the microscope
  λ is the wavelength of the light that illuminates the object
  NA is the numerical aperture of the objective

  You will get the resolving power of 2.75µm. Then, convert it to millimeters and get 0.00275mm.

  The useful magnification of a microscope when a 4x/0.1 objective is used is approximately 50–100x. This magnification is achieved with 12.5х–25х eyepieces.
  You should choose optional eyepieces from this range with the maximum field of view for the user’s convenience.

Biological microscopes

• Which MAGUS biological microscopes come with plan achromatic objectives?
  All biological microscopes of the MAGUS Bio series, except for MAGUS Bio 230, are equipped with plan achromatic objectives.

  The MAGUS Bio series includes the following models: Bio 230, Bio 240, Bio 250, Bio 260, Bio 270, Bio 290.

• What is the difference between MAGUS Bio 240 and Bio 250 series?
  The MAGUS Bio 240 kit includes plan achromatic objectives and a pre-adjusted condenser. When changing objectives, you only need to re-adjust the aperture diaphragm. The features of the intelligent lighting control system: automatic brightness selection when objectives are changed, color temperature adjustment, brightness adjustment lock, switch off timer, and operation status LCD screen. The microscope is designed for observing transparent and translucent specimens only in the brightfield in transmitted light.

  The MAGUS Bio 250 kit includes plan achromatic objectives and allows for setting up Köhler illumination that guarantees the highest resolution on each objective and the required contrast of the specimen image. While there is no intelligent lighting control system in the microscope, optional accessories will enable not only brightfield observations, but also darkfield, phase contrast, and polarization techniques.

• What is the difference between the MAGUS Bio V300 and Bio V350 series of inverted microscopes?
  The microscopes of the MAGUS Bio V300 series have a critical illumination system and a condenser with a slot for a phase slider.
  The microscopes of the MAGUS Bio V350 series allow for setting up Köhler illumination and come with a Zernike condenser with three phase rings.
• Why is there no 25x/9 eyepiece included in the MAGUS Bio 260 kit?
  The 25x eyepiece can provide useful magnification only when paired with 4x/0.1 and 10x/0.25 objectives. These objectives are typically used to locate the desired section of the specimen, while the subsequent research is carried out using 40x and 100x objectives. Therefore, the 25x eyepiece is not included in the standard delivery in order to avoid an artificial increase in the cost of the product.

  If needed, you can purchase this eyepiece separately. When 40x/0.65 and 100x/1.25 (oil) objectives are used, magnification of the 25x eyepiece is “useless” as it provides no new detail in the image of the sample.

• Why is there no 100x magnification in the MAGUS inverted biological microscopes?
  Inverted microscopes are designed for working with tissue cell cultures and other objects in nutrient medium in specialized labware with a bottom thickness of up to 1.2mm.

  Objectives of an inverted microscope have an increased focal length. The optical design of a 100x objective will not allow it to focus on the sample due to the thickness of the dish bottom.

  The lighting system of an inverted biological microscope will not allow you to apply light at an angle required for a 100x objective.

• Can I purchase a darkfield condenser separately for the microscope of the MAGUS Bio 230 and Bio 250 series?
  The MAGUS DF2 A 1.36–1.25 oil darkfield condenser and the MAGUS DF1 A 0.9 darkfield condenser are suitable for the microscopes of the MAGUS Bio 230 and Bio 250 series.
  
• Can I purchase a phase contrast device for the microscope of the MAGUS Bio 230 series?
  The phase contrast device for MAGUS Bio 230 is only available on request. If possible, it is better to choose a microscope from the MAGUS Bio 250 series.
• Can I purchase a phase contrast device for the microscope of the MAGUS Bio 240 series?
  No, the MAGUS Bio 240 series does not support phase contrast microscopy.
• Can I purchase a Hoffman modulation contrast device for the microscope of the MAGUS Bio V300 series?
  No, but Hoffman modulation contrast is available as an optional upgrade for the MAGUS Bio V360 model.
• Which digital cameras are compatible with MAGUS Bio 260T and Bio 270T microscopes?
  For MAGUS Bio 260T and MAGUS Bio 270T, these cameras are the best choice:
  – to work on 4х, 10х, and 20х objectives – MAGUS CDF30 camera
  – to work on 20х, 40х, 60х, and 100х objectives – MAGUS CBF90 camera
  
  To display the image on a monitor, we recommend choosing one of the following:

  MAGUS Bio 260T:
  – the MAGUS CHD20 camera + the MAGUS MCD20 monitor
  – the MAGUS CHD40 camera + the MAGUS MCD40 monitor

  MAGUS Bio 270T:
  – the MAGUS CHD40 camera + the MAGUS MCD40 monitor
  – the MAGUS CHD50 camera + the MAGUS MCD40 monitor
  

Fluorescence microscopes

• Which MAGUS fluorescence microscopes are suitable for activated sludge analysis?
  40–1000x magnification and video and photo capture are required.
  
  We recommend looking at MAGUS Lum 400L with the MAGUS CLM30 digital camera.
• Which MAGUS fluorescence microscopes are suitable for studying legionella bacteria?
  The bacteria are stained with fluorescent serum, revealing the specific emerald-green glow of legionella bacteria.
  
  You should consider the following options:

  1. Colonies suspected of being Legionella are detected when viewing dishes on a stereomicroscope, and so we can recommend the MAGUS Stereo 9T model.

  2. Gram staining is used to identify the bacteria of Legionella spp. MAGUS brightfield biological microscopes are suitable for such research.

  3. The identification of Legionella bacteria using the fluorescent antibody technique is carried out on a fluorescence microscope in blue light. A specimen is prepared on the slide and stained with a fluorochrome.

  The tasks from items 2 and 3 are covered by 3 microscope models: MAGUS Lum 400, Lum 400L, and Lum 450L.

• What is the difference between the MAGUS Lum 400 and Lum 400L series?
  The main difference is in the reflected light source for the fluorescence microscopy.

  The MAGUS Lum 400 is equipped with a 100W mercury lamp.
  The reflected light source of the MAGUS Lum 400L is four 3W LEDs of various wavelengths.

• Can a darkfield condenser be purchased separately for the microscope of the MAGUS Lum 400 and Lum 400L series?
  The MAGUS DF2 A 1.36–1.25 oil darkfield condenser and the MAGUS DF1 A 0.9 darkfield condenser are suitable for microscopes of the MAGUS Lum 400 and Lum 400L series.
• Which digital camera is compatible with the MAGUS Lum 400 microscope?
  The MAGUS CLM series cameras are well-suited for fluorescence microscopes. They feature high light sensitivity and can capture even the faint glow that is invisible to the human eye.

  For educational purposes, we recommend the MAGUS CLM10 camera.

  The MAGUS CLM30, CLM50, CLM70, and CLM90 models, featuring a Peltier cooling sensor, are designed for professionals to substantially reduce image noise. To solve the tasks with low-light conditions, we recommend using a monochrome camera.

Metallurgical microscopes

• Is the MAGUS Metal 630 metallurgical microscope suitable for inspecting varnish coating defects?
  Yes, the MAGUS Metal 630 is suitable for inspecting all types of paint and varnish coatings.
• What is the difference between the MAGUS Metal 650 and Metal 600 series?
  There are two fundamental differences:
  1. The MAGUS Metal 600 features transmitted and reflected light, while the MAGUS Metal 650 has reflected light only.
  2. The MAGUS Metal 650 has a large 280x270mm stage with an extensive XY travel range, which enables the examination of silicon wafers, photomasks, and other large objects.

Polarizing microscopes

• What is the polarizing microscope designed for?
  In transmitted light, you can study geological specimens as well as anisotropic biological and polymeric specimens in thin sections.
  In reflected light, you can study polished sections with one polished side. The thickness of the polished sections is arbitrary, typically 5–10mm.
• Is the MAGUS Pol 890 polarizing microscope suitable for working with samples of clinker, cement concrete, and other construction materials prepared as thin sections?
  Yes, the MAGUS Pol 890 is suitable for solving your tasks.
• Which MAGUS polarizing microscopes meet our requirements?
  Requirements: transmitted and reflected light, 5х, 10х, 20х, 50х objectives, digital camera, and at least a 2 year warranty.
  We can offer the MAGUS Pol 890 polarizing microscope to best meet your needs.
  We also recommend that you equip it with the optional MAGUS CBF70 or CLM50 digital camera.
  MAGUS provides a 5-year warranty for all the microscopes.
• Which digital camera is compatible with the MAGUS Pol 850 microscope?
  We recommend the MAGUS CBF70 or CBF90 digital cameras to work with low-magnification objectives.
  For work with high-magnification objectives, the best choice is the MAGUS CLM50 digital camera.

Stereoscopic microscopes

• Which MAGUS stereomicroscopes feature the CMO design?
  MAGUS models with the CMO design: MAGUS Stereo A6, Stereo A8, Stereo A10, and Stereo A18T.

  The Common Main Objective (CMO) design, also known as Abbe or Galilean optics.

  The objective is exactly perpendicular to the specimen plane.
  The objective diameter limits the stereoscopic angle to 11 degrees.
  There are two independent parallel optical channels above the objective and they are also perpendicular to the specimen plane. The system is designed to project the specimen image to infinity.

  Benefits of the CMO design:
  − Large field of view
  − Since the optical axis of the objective is perpendicular to the specimen plane, there are no image distortions caused by the tilted optical axis in Greenough systems
  − High-end stereomicroscopes utilize plan apochromatic (Plan-Apo) objectives. Chromatic aberrations and field curvature are fully corrected. This results in high image quality both in the eyepieces and on the camera.

• Which MAGUS stereomicroscopes feature 300x magnification? I’m interested in a budget-friendly option.

  Check out the MAGUS Stereo 8T.
  You will need to also purchase two 30x eyepieces (MAGUS SD30 30х/8mm) and a 2x auxiliary objective lens (MAGUS AL20), which will allow you to achieve the maximum magnification of 330x.

• Is there beam splitting in MAGUS Stereo 7T and Stereo 8T stereomicroscopes?
  The light path does not change in these models.

  As the splitting is permanent, there is no need to manually switch the prism, which helps avoid damage to the microscope head. The light beam to the camera port comes from the right channel of the Greenough optical system. A total of 80% to the right eyepiece and 20% to the camera port.

  The user can observe an image in the eyepieces and on the screen at the same time. The difference in light intensity in the left and right channels is negligible, ensuring user comfort. A total of 20% of light in a camera port is sufficient for MAGUS light-sensitive cameras.

• How can I mount a digital camera on MAGUS Stereo A6, A8, and A10 stereomicroscopes?
  These microscopes feature the CMO design.
  They can be equipped with attachments with camera ports, which are purchased separately:
  – MAGUS BOP A10 attachment with a camera port
  – MAGUS BTP A10 attachment with two camera ports

  Adapters are installed on these attachments:
  – MAGUS CMA050 A10 C-mount adapter
  – MAGUS CMA100 A10 C-mount adapter

  The camera is threaded onto the adapter.

• Which adapter is suitable for the MAGUS Stereo 8T and the MAGUS CBF70 digital camera?
  The MAGUS CBF70 camera features a large 4/3" sensor, and so we recommend using a 1x adapter – MAGUS ZFA100.

Digital cameras

• Can I use MAGUS digital cameras with microscopes of other manufacturers?
  Yes, if the microscope has a C-mount adapter.

  If not, you can install the camera instead of the eyepiece using eyepiece adapters and connectors. To choose an adapter, you need to know the eyepiece tube diameter and the size of the selected sensor.

• Can I connect a camera from another manufacturer to a MAGUS microscope?
  Yes, if the camera has a C-mount connection.

• Why do C-mount adapters have different magnification factors?
  The magnification factor in a C-mount adapter depends on the camera sensor size and the task to be solved: whether priority is given to a large field of view or magnification.

  For more information, check out the camera selection guide.

• What C-mount adapter should I choose for a MAGUS digital camera to enlarge the field of view?
  To compensate for too much magnification at the camera or to most closely match the field of view in the eyepieces, you will need a C-mount adapter with a reduction lens built into it.

  Reduction will depend on the camera sensor size is – the larger the sensor, the greater the reduction will be.

  Approximate values:

  Camera sensor size Recommended adapter
  1/4"" 0.265x or 0.3x
  1/3"" 0.3x
  1/2"" 0.45x, 0.5x, or 0.6x
  1/1.8"" 0.45x, 0.5x, or 0.6x
  2/3"" 0.7x

  MAGUS supplies professional equipment, which does not include training cameras with small 1/4"" and 1/3"" sensors. Therefore, there are no adapters with a magnification factor of less than 0.37x in our range.

• Why is it important to know the sensor size in a digital camera?
  1. To choose the correct magnification factor of the adapter.
  2. To calculate the field of view.
  3. To realize which objective will ensure a useful camera resolution, and for which objective you need to purchase a camera with a different resolution.

• How can I calculate the on-screen magnification when a camera is used?
  The diagonal of the monitor is divided by the diagonal of the camera sensor and then multiplied by the magnification of the objective and the optical adapter of the camera.

  Diagonals should be counted in millimeters. You cannot use inches in calculations because monitor inches and camera vidicon inches are not equivalent units.

• Is it possible to connect a MAGUS digital camera directly to a TV without a PC or laptop?
  Cameras of the MAGUS CHD series (with HDMI interface) can be connected directly to a TV.

• What camera is suitable for displaying images on a large plasma panel? We have the MAGUS Bio 250T.
  We recommend two camera options:

  1. The MAGUS CHD40 digital camera – it does not require an additional adapter because it has a large sensor.
  2. The MAGUS CHD50 digital camera + MAGUS CFA065 0.65x C-mount adapter.

  Requirements to the panel: HDMI port and 4K resolution.

• Which digital cameras feature Peltier coolers?
  MAGUS CML30, CML50, CML70, and CML90 digital cameras are equipped with Peltier coolers.

• How to connect a MAGUS digital camera to a binocular microscope without a camera port? For example, MAGUS Bio 240B.
  In binocular microscopes, a digital camera is installed in place of an eyepiece.

  Always verify the eyepiece diameter. It measures 23.2mm for the MAGUS Bio 240B model.

  For camera installation, you’ll need one of the following C-mount adapters: MAGUS CMT037, CMT050, CMT075, or CMT100.
  The adapter magnification is selected to match the camera sensor size and application requirements – whether to maximize the field of view on screen or achieve maximum magnification.

• Does the MAGUS CBF70 digital camera work well with a 2.5x objective? Getting high-quality photos is critically important.
  MAGUS CBF70 with a 4/3" sensor and 21MP resolution is ideally suited for use with small-aperture objectives. The 2.5x objective features a small aperture.

• Which MAGUS digital camera is best suited for capturing fluorochrome-stained bacteria?
  For fluorescence microscopy, the monochrome MAGUS CLM70 and CLM90 cameras are used.
  If you need color photos, we recommend the MAGUS CLM30 and CLM50 cameras.

• Which MAGUS digital cameras are suitable for MAGUS Stereo 8T or 9T stereomicroscopes?
  For stereoscopic microscopes, we recommend choosing a digital camera with a large sensor and high resolution, such as:

  1. MAGUS CBF70 digital camera + MAGUS ZFA100 1x C-mount adapter.
  2. MAGUS CDF70 digital camera + MAGUS ZFA100 1x C-mount adapter.

  A budget-friendly option with high resolution and a compact sensor size:
  1. MAGUS CBF10 digital camera + MAGUS ZFA050 0.5x C-mount adapter.

• What’s the best MAGUS camera for use with polarizing microscopes?
  For a polarizing microscope, we recommend that you choose a color camera with a large sensor and high light sensitivity, such as MAGUS CBF70.

• Is the Bresser MikroCam SP 5.0 digital camera compatible with the MAGUS Bio 240T microscope?
  Yes, it is compatible because it features a C-mount thread.

  We suggest considering a more advanced option – MAGUS CBF30 digital camera:

  1. The USB 3.0 port provides high-speed data transmission.
  2. A larger sensor has a number of benefits:
  – less noise, resulting in cleaner images
  – more light capture, delivering richer tones and greater color depth
  – larger field of view coverage
  – the larger the sensor is, the more that larger photodiodes will fit, which means that the two tasks of increasing the light sensitivity and resolution are solved.

Accessories

• Does the same series of MAGUS microscopes have identical optics?
  Yes, all microscopes within the same MAGUS series feature identical optical systems.

• Why am I getting poor image quality with the 100x oil immersion objective?
  If the objective is engraved with “oil”, it means that it is designed for oil immersion use.
  If there is no proper immersion medium, the image quality will be poor.

• Is immersion oil always required for 100x objectives?
  If the objective is immersion-type (“oil” is in its name and engraved on the barrel), then using immersion oil is mandatory.
  If the objective has a “W” (water) in its name and on the barrel, distilled water must be used as the immersion medium.
  If there are no immersion markings on the objective, it is a “dry” objective and requires no immersion medium.

• Which eyepiece should I use to see 1µm parasites?
  The objective determines the microscope’s resolving power. The eyepiece merely magnifies the image produced by the objective. You can distinguish 1µm objects if you use 40x and 100x objectives.

  Since the resolution limit of the 40x objective is about 0.42µm, we recommend an additional 16x eyepiece, which provides the upper limit of useful magnification on this objective.

  A standard 10x eyepiece is sufficient for a 100x objective.

• What additional components are needed to add phase contrast to a microscope?
  A phase contrast device consisting of three components:
  1. Phase contrast condenser. For different microscope models, it may come in different forms – either as a slider to be inserted into a standard condenser or as a Zernike condenser.
  2. A set of phase objectives matching the phase contrast condenser.
  3. Centering telescope.

• What is the purpose of a ring light with a polarizing filter for a stereomicroscope?
  The polarization removes glare from highly reflective surfaces, improving photo quality when a digital camera is used.

• What is the purpose of a ring light with sector control for a stereomicroscope?
  A ring light with sector control supports two operating modes:
  1. With all the sectors activated simultaneously, it provides shadow-free coaxial illumination.
  2. When one or two sectors are on, it simulates oblique illumination.

• Which phase contrast device is suitable for a polarizing microscope?
  Phase contrast microscopy cannot be implemented on polarizing microscopes.

  If you need polarization and phase contrast, you should choose a biological microscope with optional accessories that will allow for both microscopy techniques.

• Do you carry phase objectives for other microscope brands in your product range?
  Phase contrast microscopy requires not only phase objectives but also a matching phase condenser or slider with corresponding phase rings.

  All manufacturers have unique “objective–condenser (slider)” sets. We can only suggest MAGUS-brand microscopes equipped with phase contrast devices.
  

• What thread do MAGUS objectives have?
  Different microscopes use different objectives with distinct thread types.
  Most objectives follow the international RMS standard. Please check with our technical advisors for the specifications of each specific objective.

• How is a MAGUS monitor connected to your microscope? I’ll choose a camera later.
  To display images on a monitor, you need a complete setup consisting of a microscope, camera, and monitor.

  A microscope is an optical instrument. The microscope objective produces a magnified image of the specimen. Then, this image must be directed somewhere. It is routed either to the eyepieces or to a digital camera.

  The eyepieces further magnify the image, allowing us to observe it visually. To view an image on the screen, it needs to be digitized. The camera captures the image that is produced by the objective, converts it into digital format (photo/video), and then transmits it to the monitor.